Shoichi Fujimoto
(The University of Tokyo, Japan)

Since this century, Japanese space development policy has changed dramatically. Kumada(2009) showed that the policy focused on 'Learning Science and Technology' , but after 2001 the focus changed to 'Utilization/Industrialization'. This policy was especially emphasized by the new agency after 2008. With this policy, several projects are carried out by the private sector in liaison with the government. In the projects, both the private sector and the government each take responsibility for one aspect of them. Some projects are going well, such as the H2A privatization. On the other hand, some are having trouble, such as the GX rocket. This research focuses on the GX project, especially on its decision-making process, showing what decision makers have discussed about the meaning of 'Utilization/Industrialization', how the government has helped the private sector, and why the project has stopped. To study this process, I researched the minutes of the space activity committee and other agencies from 2001 to 2010. To understand the impact of 'Utilization/ Industrialization' on the private sector and government joint project, I compared the GX and the H2A. This research will suggest ideas about how we should manage space development projects with the private sector in the future.

Yoshiaki Kinoshita
(JAXA, Japan)

Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) have lately attracted public attention. You may have heard of an asteroid named 'Apophis', which was estimated by scientists to collide with the Earth. Intensive observations proved the chance of the collision with Apophis is very limited. However, international community has paid more attention to NEOs and has been discussing the way to avoid terrible disaster which may be caused by NEOs. So far, discussions are held mainly from the scientific and engineering point of view. Various measures are proposed to discover, monitor and deflect NEOs and some of them have been already implemented. The Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the UN COPUOS established an action team on NEOs in 2008 and is going to draw up the final report during the next subcommittee held in February 2011. It is, however, that the international community has just started the discussion from the legal point of view, such as schemes for international cooperation, responsibilities of those nations taking part in NEO deflection campaigns and contraventions with existing treaties and common law. Therefore, we would like to introduce current discussions and some legal points at issue about NEO mitigation measures and international cooperation for it.

Yasuo Otani
(Air Self Defense Force, Japan)

The outer space utilizations will play a vital role for both civil and defense fields. As for Japan, after the Basic Space Law was enacted in 2008, the new use and R&D of space are promoted to enforce the national security. Under the circumstances, Dual-Use has become an important concept. However, there are not so many studies on Dual-Use approaches or applications. The past studies were often focused on the technologies themselves which could be used for both civil and defense purposes as well. This paper deals with Japanese space policy, focuses on the Dual-Use concept on civil and defense uses and developments of outer space. First, the meaning of Dual-Use concept would be defined. Then, the effectiveness of Dual-Use for both civil and defense will be discussed. Satellite or air-launch systems designed for Dual-Use applications will be investigated in detail.